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豬的腸道不僅是消化器官，而且是一個重要的免疫器官。腸道是豬體最大的器官系統(tǒng)，將其小腸的粘膜皺褶、絨毛及微絨毛加在一起，其表面積可達幾百平方米，相當于二個網(wǎng)球場的大小。它是由能量代謝較高的活性物質(zhì)所組成，它還是大腦以外最為復雜的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，又稱之為第二大腦，或者叫腹腦。為此，在目前我國養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)中如何維護好豬的胃腸道健康?
一、目前養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)中影響豬胃腸道健康的飼料因素
1、中毒因素 有的豬場長期飼喂發(fā)霉變質(zhì)的飼料，飲用污染的水源，造成豬只發(fā)生霉玉米毒素中毒;或誤食污染有農(nóng)藥、殺蟲藥、滅鼠藥及化學藥物的食源引發(fā)中毒。中毒發(fā)生后，豬腸道粘膜免疫系統(tǒng)與胃腸道的消化吸收機能均受到破壞，傷害豬腸道的健康，嚴重者造成死亡。
2、營養(yǎng)因素 給豬飼喂的飼料中營養(yǎng)不全，不均衡，質(zhì)量低劣，造成機體營養(yǎng)缺乏，會直接影響到腸粘膜免疫系統(tǒng)的功能和胃腸道的健康。比如飼料中缺乏各種維生素與微量元素等，可引發(fā)胃腸道機能紊亂，進而影響到整個豬體的健康。缺乏VB，豬只表現(xiàn)厭食、消化不良、腹瀉等;缺乏VD、鈣與磷比例失調(diào)，可引發(fā)佝僂病、胃腸道機能下降，消化不良、食欲減退、發(fā)育停滯;缺乏VE與硒，可引發(fā)豬只消化道機能紊亂、食欲不振、嘔吐、腹瀉、便血以及營養(yǎng)應激等;缺鐵可引發(fā)仔豬營養(yǎng)性貧血、食欲減退、周期性下痢與便秘;缺鋅可引發(fā)豬只厭食、胃腸道機能紊亂，生長發(fā)育遲緩等。由此可見，營養(yǎng)缺乏與許多營養(yǎng)代謝病的發(fā)生，對豬只胃腸道的健康都會造成危害。
二、飼料營養(yǎng)與豬群腸道健康
1、能量的攝入與小腸形態(tài)學 小腸是豬的內(nèi)、外環(huán)境之間的界面，其主要功能是消化和吸收飼料，而且提供一個物理性和免疫學性的屏障以阻擋微生物和變應性大分予。腸腔中存在的食物，更確切地說是腸道中的營養(yǎng)物流，是胃腸道增生最強有力的刺激物之一;小腸腔中缺乏營養(yǎng)物，就像斷奶后所發(fā)生的那樣，將對細胞分化牢和細胞轉(zhuǎn)化率有很大的影響。所以說，“腸腔營養(yǎng)”在維持腸粘膜結(jié)構(gòu)及功能的完整性方而起著一個重要的作用。
2、氨基酸與腸道發(fā)育 腸道黏膜條件必需氨基酸的代謝，在調(diào)節(jié)腸形態(tài)和功能完整性起著重要作用。每天食入的谷氨酸、Gin、天冬氨酸和血液Gin進入腸黏膜后，成為小腸能量的主要來源，為小腸養(yǎng)分的主動轉(zhuǎn)運和蛋白質(zhì)周轉(zhuǎn)提供足夠的ATP。例如谷氨酸是合成谷胱甘肽的前體物，谷胱甘肽是保護腸黏膜免受毒素入侵和氧化損傷的關(guān)鍵組分。
三、如何維護豬群腸道健康
1、喂給豬群優(yōu)質(zhì)的全價飼料 要想養(yǎng)好豬，獲得好的經(jīng)濟效益，首先要改變思想理念，在養(yǎng)字上做好文章，給豬只飼喂全價優(yōu)質(zhì)的飼料。豬的飼料一定要營養(yǎng)全價，科學搭配，盡可能使用低氮日糧和氨基酸平衡日糧，保證有足夠的蛋白質(zhì)、氨基酸、微量元素和各種必需的維生素，確保豬只各個不同生長階段的營養(yǎng)需要。這些物質(zhì)是保障豬只生命活動、免疫力與抗病力的基礎(chǔ)與根本，也是維護豬胃腸道健康的必要條件。
2、嚴禁飼喂發(fā)霉變質(zhì)的飼料 飼喂發(fā)霉變質(zhì)的飼料易引發(fā)各種毒素及化學藥物中毒，損害腸道粘膜免疫系統(tǒng)的功能，破壞胃腸道的機能，導致腹瀉、胃腸炎的發(fā)生，中毒嚴重者死亡。只有飼喂安全、綠色、營養(yǎng)的環(huán)保飼料，才能保障豬只的健康和生產(chǎn)性能。如果飼料質(zhì)量低劣，造成機體營養(yǎng)不良，則會威脅腸道免疫屏障，降低粘膜免疫系統(tǒng)的功能，易誘發(fā)各種感染的發(fā)生。
3、在飼料中添加微生態(tài)制劑 現(xiàn)代化、規(guī)模化的養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)，飼養(yǎng)密度過大，生長速度過快，豬群往往處于高度的應激狀態(tài)，導致腸道菌群失調(diào)，使有害微生物過度繁殖抑制有益微生物的生長，給豬只帶來生長發(fā)育，生產(chǎn)性能與疾病的發(fā)生等諸多問題。如果在飼料中添加微生態(tài)制劑飼喂豬只，不僅能提高豬只對飼料的利用率和對營養(yǎng)成分的吸收率，促生長，提前出欄;而且能抑制腸道有害微生物繁殖，保持胃腸道菌群平衡，增強非特異性免疫力，提高抗病力，并能減少各種有害氣體的排出量，改善飼養(yǎng)生態(tài)環(huán)境，維護胃腸道的健康。
四、小結(jié)
豬胃腸道的健康，不僅能為動物機體正常生理機能、生長、發(fā)育與繁殖提供豐富的各種營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，而且可以提供堅強的免疫保護。動物的胃腸道非特異性和特異性粘膜屏障系統(tǒng)可以限制完整的蛋白質(zhì)抗原的侵入，減少對食物抗原的免疫反應。專家指出，任何影響胃腸道粘膜功能失調(diào)的各種因素均可增加胃腸道粘膜通透性，致使粘膜不能充分發(fā)揮其免疫監(jiān)視功能，導致食物中的大分子抗原被機體吸收而引發(fā)各種胃腸道疾病的發(fā)生。因此，維護好胃腸道的健康，是一個十分重要的現(xiàn)實問題。在養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)中必須高度重視，不要隨意的破壞豬體胃腸道內(nèi)微生態(tài)環(huán)境的平衡。
The English version
Pig intestinal tract is not only a digestive organ, and it is an important part of the immune organs. Gut is the largest organ system, get the folds of the small intestine mucosa and the villi and microvilli, put together, the surface area of several hundred square meters, equivalent to the size of the two tennis courts. It is composed of high energy metabolism active substances, it is the most complicated nervous system outside the brain, known as the second brain, brain or abdomen. Therefore, in pig production in China at present how to maintain good pig gastrointestinal health?
One, the current factors influencing the pig feed of the gastrointestinal health in pig production
1, poisoning Some pig feeding gone mouldy feed for a long time, pollution of drinking water, mildewed corn pig causing toxin poisoning; Or eating contaminated with pesticides, insecticides, rodent poisons and chemical poisoning food source. Poisoning happens, pig intestinal mucosal immune system damage, the gastrointestinal digestion and absorption function and damage the pig intestinal health, serious to cause death.
2, nutritional factors To pig feeding feed nutrition is not complete, not balanced, inferior quality, cause the body lack of nutrition, will directly affect the function of intestinal mucosal immune system and gastrointestinal health. Such as the lack of a variety of vitamins and trace elements in feed, etc., can cause gastrointestinal dysfunction, thus affect the whole get health. Lack of VB, pig performance anorexia, indigestion, diarrhea, etc.; Lack of VD, calcium and phosphorus imbalance, can cause rickets, gastrointestinal function drops, indigestion, loss of appetite, arrested development; Lack of VE and selenium, can trigger a pig gastrointestinal disorders, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody and nutritional stress, etc.; Iron deficiency can cause nutritional anemia piglets, anorexia, periodic diarrhea and constipation. Zinc deficiency can cause pig anorexia, gastrointestinal disorders, growth retardation, etc. Thus, poor nutrition and many nutrition metabolic disease occurs, will cause harm to the health of pig gastrointestinal tract.
Second, the feed pigs intestines nutrition and health
1, energy intake and intestinal morphology Small intestine is pig of the interface between the internal and external environment, its main function is the digestion and absorption of feed, and provide a physical barrier and immunology to block microbes and allergic big points to. Existing in the lumen of food, more specifically, in the gut logistics, nutrition is one of the most powerful stimulant hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract; The lack of nutrients in the lumen, as it's what happens after weaning, cell to cell differentiation and cell conversion rate has a great influence. Say so, "nutrition" lumen in maintaining the integrity of the structure and function of intestinal mucosa and plays an important role.
2, amino acid and intestinal mucosa conditions essential amino acid metabolism, intestinal development in regulating intestinal morphology and functional integrity plays an important role. Eat every day of glutamic acid, Gin, aspartic acid and blood Gin into the intestinal mucosa, become the main source of small intestine energy, for active transport of small intestine nutrients and protein turnover enough ATP. Such as glutamic acid is a precursor of glutathione synthesis, glutathione is protect intestinal mucosa from toxins and key components of oxidative damage.
Three, how to maintain the herd of swine intestinal health
1, feeding pigs feed of high quality full price Want to raise pigs, obtain good economic benefits, the first thing to change ideas, completes the paper on a word, to feed pigs feeding full price high quality. Pig feed must be full nutrition, science is tie-in, using low nitrogen diet as much as possible and the amino acid balance diet, ensure adequate protein, amino acids, trace elements and a variety of necessary vitamins, make sure that the pigs nutritional needs of the different growth stages. These material is the guarantee pig life activities, immunity and disease resistance and the basis of the fundamental, is also a necessary condition for the maintenance of healthy pig gastrointestinal tract.
2, it is strictly prohibited to feeding gone mouldy feed Feeding gone mouldy feed easy cause all sorts of toxins and chemical drug poisoning, damage to the intestinal mucosal immune system function, damage of gastrointestinal function, lead to the occurrence of diarrhea, gastroenteritis, severe poisoning death. Only feeding safety, green, environmental protection feed nutrition, can protect health of pigs and production performance. If the feed of poor quality, resulting in malnutrition in the body, will threaten the intestinal immune barrier, reduce the mucosal immune system function, easy to induce the occurrence of a variety of infections.
3, modernization of microecological agents added in the feed, the scale of pig production, breeding density is too large, growing too fast, pigs are often at high stress state, lead to intestinal flora imbalance, the harmful microbial overgrowth inhibit the growth of beneficial microbes, brings to the pig growth and development, production performance and the occurrence of diseases, and many other problems. If added to the feed probiotics feeding pigs, not only can improve the utilization rate of pigs to feed and absorption rate of nutrients, promote growth, ahead of market; And can restrain bowel harmful microbial breeding, keep the balance of gastrointestinal tract flora, strengthen the nonspecific immunity, improve the disease resistance, and can reduce all kinds of harmful gas discharge, improve the breeding of ecological environment, safeguarding the health of the gastrointestinal tract.
Four, summary
Pig gastrointestinal health, not only for the body's normal physiological function, growth, development and reproduction provides rich variety of nutrients, but also provide strong immune protection. Animal gastrointestinal nonspecific and specific mucosal barrier system can limit the invasion of the complete protein antigens, to reduce food antigen immune response. Experts point out that any factors that affect the gastrointestinal mucosa dysfunction can increase the permeability of gastrointestinal mucosa, causing mucosal cannot give full play to its immune surveillance function, causes the macromolecular antigen in food is absorbed by the body and cause all sorts of gastrointestinal disease. Therefore, to maintain good health, gastrointestinal tract is a very important realistic problem. Must attach great importance to in pig production, the destruction of the don't get the balance of the micro ecological environment in the gastrointestinal tract.
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